Prophet Muhammad PBUH Biography

Muhammad (Arabic: محمد‎; c. 570 – 8 June 632), full name Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim (Arabic: ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم‎, lit: Father of Qasim Muhammad son of Abd Allah son of Abdul-Muttalib son of Hashim), from Mecca, unified Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. Believed by Muslims to be a prophet and messenger of God, Muhammad is almost universally considered by Muslims as the last prophet sent by God to mankind. While non-Muslims generally regard Muhammad as the founder of Islam, Muslims consider him to have restored the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.

Born approximately in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, Muhammad was orphaned at an early age; he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib. After his childhood Muhammad primarily worked as a merchant. Occasionally he would retreat to a cave in the mountains for several nights of seclusion and prayer; later, at age 40, he reported at this spot, that he was visited by Gabriel and received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" (lit. islām) to Him is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.

Muhammad gained few followers early on, and met hostility from some Meccan tribes. To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some of his followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers in Mecca migrated to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. After eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad took over the city with little bloodshed. He destroyed the three-hundred and sixty pagan idols at the Kaaba, in the city. In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from the Farewell Pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and died. Before his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam, and he had united Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity.

The revelations (each known as Ayah, lit. "Sign [of God]"), which Muhammad reported receiving until his death, form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the "Word of God" and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (sunnah), found in the Hadith and sira literature, are also upheld by Muslims and used as sources of Islamic law (see Sharia). While conceptions of Muhammad in medieval Christendom were largely negative, appraisals in modern history have been far more favorable. Other appraisals of Muhammad throughout history, such as those found in medieval China, have also been positive.

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穆罕默德（阿拉伯语：محمد的温度570 - 6月8日632），全名为阿布·卡西姆穆罕默德·本·'Abd阿拉·本·'Abd人，Muṭṭalib·本·哈希姆（阿拉伯语：ابوالقاسممحمدابنعبداللهابنعبدالمطلبابنهاشم，点燃：哈希姆·阿卜杜勒·Muttalib儿子阿布杜拉儿子卡西姆穆罕默德的儿子），从麦加，统一阿拉伯成伊斯兰教在一个单一的宗教政体之父。穆斯林认为是一个先知和上帝的使者，穆罕默德几乎普遍认为穆斯林是上帝派来给人类最后的先知。虽然非穆斯林普遍认为穆罕默德是伊斯兰教的创始人，穆斯林认为他已经恢复了亚当，亚伯拉罕，摩西，耶稣和其他先知的未改变原来的一神信仰。

出生约在570 CE阿拉伯城市麦加，穆罕默德是孤儿在幼年时期;他在他父亲的叔叔阿布·塔里布的护理提高。他的童年后，穆罕默德主要工作作为一个商人。偶尔他会撤退到山里隐居和祈祷的几晚一个山洞里;后来，在40岁时，他在报道这个地方，他访问了加布里埃尔，从神接受了他的第一个启示。此事件后三年穆罕默德开始公开鼓吹这些启示，宣称“神一”，即完成“投降”（点亮伊斯兰教）对他是唯一的方法（DIN）可以接受的神，他是一个先知，信使神，类似于伊斯兰教的其他先知。

穆罕默德获得了一些早期的追随者，并会见了敌意一些麦加部落。为了逃避迫害，穆罕默德派出他的一些追随者到阿比西尼亚，他之前和他在麦加的追随者在今年622此事件，希吉拉迁移到麦地那（当时称为Yathrib），标志着伊斯兰历的开始，也被称为回历。在麦地那，穆罕默德联合下麦地那宪法部落。经过八年的麦加部落的战斗，穆罕默德聚集了1万穆斯林信徒的军队和进军麦加城。这种攻击主要是去无可争议和穆罕默德接管了城市很少流血。他摧毁了三百六十异教偶像的天房，在城市。在632，几个月从告别朝圣返回麦地那后，穆罕默德生病死了。在他去世之前，大多数阿拉伯半岛已经皈依伊斯兰教，他曾阿拉伯联合成一个单一的穆斯林宗教政体。

启示（每个称为女仆，点亮“号[神]”），穆罕默德报告接受，直到他去世，形成古兰经的经文，认为穆斯林是“神的话语”，并围绕该宗教为主。除了古兰经，穆罕默德的教义和实践（松纳），在圣训和SIRA文献中找到，也维持了穆斯林和作为伊斯兰法律（见伊斯兰教）的来源。虽然穆罕默德在中世纪基督教的观念在很大程度上是负面的，在现代历史评价已经远远更为有利。穆罕默德的其他评估整个历史，例如在中世纪的中国找到，也一直积极。

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